Hoffman Discount Drugs, Inc

Case 7-3 (2) The first alternative of giving Data Systems control of product with exchange for any product after year end implies that the revenue is not earned until the final product is determined after year end. In this situation, Excello cannot recognize its revenue until Data System is totally sure the final products that they are actually want to purchase. For example, this year, Data System bought 1000 fax machines, but next year Data System will change it to another 1000 ones and return the previous products at the same time. Meaning to say, Excello still have control on it and same goes with Data System.According to FRS, revenue only can be recognize when and the value is determinable. The second alternatives of transfer ownership with guarantee that Excello would purchase equipment with ten year useful life as the sale implies that Excello would have to recognize a liability to Data System in the amount of the revenue. Meaning to say, first Excello needs to transfer the own ership to Data System for the revenue recognition and at the same time Excello needs to recognize the liability towards Data System. Again, if Excello does not recognize the liability to Data System, so it is an offense.The third alternative allows the return of the merchandise for full credit anytime after year end is conditional sale. Revenue should not be recognized until after the deadline for the full credit. Meaning to say, the value should be determinable in order to recognize it as revenue. If I am the chief financial officer, I would recommend to the Data Equipment System for the second alternatives. Of the three alternatives, the second alternatives has the revenue earned before year end and would be in accordance with GAAP as long as Excello also recognizes their liability to purchase a product from Data Systems.The first offer, it is not ethical if we record the revenue too soon because the earning process has not been completed and the conditional exchange still valid. We cannot record the revenue until the product would be exchange. For the third offer, as we know the revenue cannot recognized in the current year. Means that, the actual amount of revenue do not recorded. It is also unethical if we record the revenue since we know the deadline for the full credit is in the next year. We should strive with the virtue perspective such as honesty, objectivity and trustworthiness in recording the revenue.Honesty requires that the statements should be truthful and recognize revenue using generally accepted accounting principles. Objectivity requires that the company should approach its decision about the proper revenue recognition procedure with fair-mindedness and without partially to one set of stakeholders. Trustworthiness means that the accountants should not violate the investors’ faith that the statements are accurate and reliable. Other than that, to make a decision we should consider the greatest good for the greatest number of stakehold ers.

European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Essay

In the eighteenth century much of Europe was experiencing an industrial production, furthering toward a more industrial society. Many people were supporting the new society, while others were criticizing it. From 1845-1847 Europe was experiencing poor harvests, which caused the Irish famine. Irish peasants died from starvation, while others migrated. Artisans and factory workers were undergoing a process called proletarianization. It was where an owner would pay a wage and the worker would lose all ownership of production. If the factory ran smoothly, then it would be a better chance that the workers would have a safe workplace, but if that wasn’t the case then the workers may have to work in poor work conditions. Urban artisans experienced the process a little differently than the factory workers. Metal workers and craftsmen saw an increase in demand for their work. Artisans were working for masters, first as apprentices, then as journeymen. The master owned the equipment and the workers owned the small tools used. The journeymen would later become masters. The guild system allowed the factory to run smoothly. Liberals did not like the labor or guild systems and they tried to make them illegal. Masters were very competitive. They began to follow confection, which is where they make everything standard instead of individualistic. This made the artisan less valuable. Unskilled workers would come from the countryside to work. It became more difficult for journeymen to become masters, in turn artisans would become wage labors for life. Nineteenth-Century European Women Women in the Early Industrial Revolution The revolution had a great impact on the home and family life for women. Women could depend on the male’s wages. Children would follow the roles of their parents. This occurred within the middle and lower class families. Women were also allowed to work and make their own wages to support themselves if they had the desire to do so. The skills required to work were lowered when women started working. Textile production played a big role in the industrial revolution, so women were involved from the start. Women did the majority in the textile production until it was moved to factories, then the men replaced the women. In the 1820’s unmarried women rapidly became employed in factories. Most of the women working in factories were usually unmarried or widowed because it was less likely for them to become pregnant or get influenced by their husband to quit. At midcentury, the women accounted for less than half of all employment. In France, the working women continued to work on the land. In England, they were domestic servants. Women’s working conditions were almost always harsh and they were always exposed to exploitation. Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women During the early nineteenth century women suffered from social and legal property rights, family law, and education. By the end of the century improvements were being shown in those areas. Europeans were classified into ranks and women were inferior to men. In the late nineteenth century married women could finally own their own property in their own name. Women had no standing with the law. The reform of women’s property rights came slowly. By 1882 Great Britain allowed married women to own property. In France, a married woman could not even open a savings account in their name until 1895. In 1907, they were allowed to receive their own wages. In 1900 Germany allowed women to work without their husbands’ permission. Similar laws began to strike in Europe. The law also worked against women, for example legal codes made wives obey their husbands. The Napoleonic Code and the Roman law made women legal minors throughout Europe. Everything was more difficult for women including; divorce, keeping their children, contraception, and abortion. Women were controlled by men. Women had less access to education and they were only educated enough for the domestic careers that they were expected to follow. The percentage of illiterate women outnumbered that of women. The more professional education remained reserved for men until the third quarter of the century. Italian women had a better chance with education. Keeping women from school helped keep women out of social and economic events. School teaching became a profession for women. As things progressed women worked more and the jobs required little or no skill.

Freezers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Freezers - Essay Example Thus investing in the production of freezers seems to be profitable. However, investing decision needs to be taken with due care. For making a business profitable, the most important thing is to make a right decision about the location of the firm. If a person wants to set up a new business or to expand his/her existing business, it is very important to conduct a rigorous analysis of economic, political, social and technological environments of various areas before selecting any particular area for locating his or her firm. The person should choose the best suitable area for setting up his/her business. This paper analyses the potential of three developing regions for setting up a business of freezers. These three areas are Egypt, Turkey and Dubai. This paper will attempt to analyze economic, political, social and technological conditions of these three regions and find out which out of these three will be best suited for setting up the business. But before moving into an in-depth an alysis of the issue under consideration, it is necessary to provide a brief overview of the business organization that wants to invest in one of these three regions. The business organization is based at New Jersey, USA. It is a freeze manufacturing company and is quite new in this business. It was established only in 2004. Presently it is quite small in its size and belongs to the SME (Small and medium enterprise) sector of the United States. Although it is small in size at present, it has a number of investment plans in order to expand its business in near future. It is a profitable firm and purely concentrates on providing high quality products at reasonable prices. Although it started as a very small firm, its production level has been increasing quite rapidly given the increasing demand for its products. Looking at its growth in the US market, it is hoping that it would be also successful in other countries as well. But, instead of adopting a strategy

Comparative Approaches in Employment Relations Assignment

Comparative Approaches in Employment Relations - Assignment Example termines the country’s labor force and the rate of either employment or unemployment is equally dependent on this vital body in a country’s structure (Bamber, Lansury and Wailes, 2011, 61). The employment relations, also cuts across the way in which the employees are treated by the government and their employers. It also stipulates the way in which the employees can fire their grievances and the rights and privileges entitled to them. However, the HRM and the ER vary from country to country depending on the development status of the nation. It is determined by various factors that hold the country’s GDP and economic status of a country Bamber (2011, 112). Basing our comparison between two nations of different economic status, therefore, it is important to narrow our discussion on Nations of two different classes. That is a developed country and a low developed country or rather an underdeveloped country (Barry, 2011, 91). To begin with, a developed country is a country in which it is has fully or effectively utilized its existing natural resources and whose per capita income is relatively high and most of its citizens are able to acquire or live according to the trends of standards of living. On the other hand, an underdeveloped country is one which has not utilized its existing natural resources, and the level of standards of living is low. The GDP of such a country is too low, and the per capita income is also too low. To consider and compare the HRM and ER in such countries has a number of factors to consider. In a developed country such as Australia, which has a stable economy and a high GDP, the human resource management is well established. Australia is known to be the twelfth nation in the economic power as far as GDP is concerned as well as total wealth of 6.4 trillion dollars. It has a population which is approximately 23.13 million, and the labor force is approximately 12.15 million. In such a country, the levels of employment are high. In such a

Client brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Client brief - Essay Example The whole administration of ACRES determinedly trust in advertising group inclusion in tending to creature assurance issues and in building associations with all related bodies to enhance creature welfare. A measurable quality demonstrates that around 2,264 creatures have been protected since August the year 200911. The mission of ACRES is to make a minding and socially mindful social order where creatures are dealt with as aware creatures. All the more along these lines, its desire is decided beforehand to drive advance a community oriented and supportable creature assurance development in Asia. More, ACRES fundamental objectives and goal could be encouraging admiration and sympathy for all creatures, enhancing the living conditions and welfare of creatures in bondage and instructing individuals on lifestyle decisions, which dont include the ill-use of creatures and which natures turf amicable. Sections of land association are a creature insurance association, determined by our sympathy toward creatures. We receive exploration ventures on the utilization of creatures in different fields. Research discoveries are then used to instruct the general population to push animated group association in the creature assurance development, and additionally strive towards synergistic organizations with powers and related gatherings. The ACRES association decidedly trust in pushing group inclusion in tending to creature insurance issues and in building organizations with all related bodies to enhance creature welfare. All the more along these lines, ACRES association point for the exploration to bring about reasonable progressions for the creatures since they accept as methodology is Scientific, Creative, Practical and Positive 22. Sections of land, together with the SPCA, at present are supporting a battle by the Change for Animals Foundation (CFAF) to wipe out the hide exchange Singapore: an exchange that includes amazing

Islam and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islam and Christianity - Essay Example According to them, God is caring and merciful. Both religions have a recognized and respected figures regarded as the source of their faith. This figure in Christianity is Jesus while Muhammad is the originator of the Islamic faith. One of the distinct difference between the two religions lies on their beliefs. Christians believe that God is three in one. In other words, they believe in what is known as the Holy Trinity i.e. the Father, Son, and Holy spirit. Therefore, there are three powers in one. On the other hand, Muslims believe that God operates individually (Griffith, 2012). Some of the similarities are seen on the teachings among the two religions particularly on the position of women in the society. Both the Bible and the Quran teaches that both men and women are equal before the God and hence the society ought to treat them equally. There are also other similarities between the two religions. Both believe that human beings were created by God himself in his own image and that they has dominion over all other living things in the world (Gauss, 2009). Gauss (2009) posits that both religions believe in Jesus and that he came to this world. The only difference is that Christians believe God is the son of God while Muslims consider him as a mere prophet. Christians believe that Jesus died, resurrected, and then rose to heaven. Muslim believe that Jesus rose to heaven devoid of death. Another similarity between the two religions is that both believe that the world will one day come to an end. Both believe that this will be followed by Gods judgment and people will either be thrown in hell or they will proceed to heaven depending on their sentence. Christians believe that torture or anguish in hell will be everlasting. Contrary to this belief, Muslims believe that God can forgive sinners thrown in hell and subsequently take them to heaven. Another dominant

Enterprise social networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprise social networks - Essay Example Social media acts as a great equalizer. The educational institutions can utilize the social media and promote themselves without spending money and small colleges can also become popular instantly. There are many small colleges and educational institutes who have posted videos of their courses and online classes to create small advertisement with the resources available within the institute and uploaded them on YouTube or Facebook. Those videos received huge number of likes and the institutions became popular instantly. This study is based on utilizing social media networking for higher education and students in the universities and colleges. The cost for promotion through social networking sites is negligible and it is very easy to understand and handle. This will surely reduce the internal cost of the universities and colleges. Introduction The concept of enterprise social networking involves the usage of social networks or various social relations on the internet for various busin ess or personal purposes. Enterprise social networking basically works on the Web 2.0 platform. It is since 1990s the inception of social networking sites were seen in the world market. The first website motivating this concept was Theglobe.com in the year 1995. This website was only accessible by the registered users, but the website became available for general public usage from 1998. Since then many networking sites have come up for providing a common platform to share information (Uhomoibhi, 2006, pp. 4-14). However, the challenge was that internet, computers and related technology were not so much in use. People could neither easily afford them, nor were they considered important in daily lives of grown-up or any student. Eventually after the penetration of technology, World Wide Web and lightening fast speed of information, social networking mediums surfaced once again (Ernst & Young, 2012). The development of social networking and its rising popularity has been observed in th e 2000s. Nowadays social sites like MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and many more have become synonyms for social media industry. The popularity associated with social media is growing with the passing days and it is connecting more and more people on the basis of their preferences, similar purchase habits, likes and dislikes. Whether it is some news ticker that is promoting the view or news of some anchors or journalist on Twitter, social media is utilised everywhere and in every way. The latest insights revealed by a famous research firm Nielsen on social media networking and marketing states these above mentioned facts. USA claims to have 80 percent of the blog and social media users among the American countries (Nielsen, 2011). The time consumption of the students, youngsters, and also elders on the social media is increasing every day. For example about 60 percent of the customers who use more than two to three digital means definitely use social media as a means of resea rch when they go out to buy products or avail services (Nielsen, 2011). The brief introduction above clearly explains the scenario of the global market and also the penetration level of social media in our daily lives. Social media has penetrated in every field and industry. However, to narrow down the analysis, the discussion in this study would specifically include the usage of social media by students in schools, institutions, colleges, etc. A literary analysis of social media strategies and its four pillars would support the discussion further. Apart from this the probable role that social media can play in educational sector specifically in schools, university would also be evaluated.

The role of technology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of technology - Research Proposal Example According to him it is the driving force behind the major social and cultural adaptations. This paper seeks to evaluate the various technological factors that affect a great deal in altering the social structure and cultural trends. The facets where these factors bring evident alteration are also identified and explored and discussed in this study. Culture does not have a stringent definition. It is rather more of a concept which defines the collective practices, perceptions and doings of individuals constituting a social group. The magnitude of a social group while defining culture varies to all extents. It might be a culture within an organization, a city/town or a whole nation. What holds importance is the common ground that gives birth to a particular trend in culture. However, the trends and extension of culture is not the point of relevance here. What this paper attempts to evaluate is that how changes are brought in a culture and what are the channels which bring these changes as well the facets where these changes are felt the most. We can trace the effects of technology on culture through history but the study focuses the effect of technology on culture in the current scenario. Internet, email, television and mobile phones are some of the aspects that have revolutionized the way we think, act and live our lives in the past few decades. Now man is no more bounded by limitation in any facet of life. He has got access to any place, individual or happening since things now are just a few clicks away and very easy to approach. These inventions were just not mere creations which were going to be totally replaced by some other thing later on. On the other hand, they have developed into mediums which are now borrowing heavily from even the slightest of cultural trends and social needs. These inventions have progressed and developed themselves to be tools which have got their own self prevailing mechanisms. They tune themselves towards the needs of the public and boomerang them back to the society after injecting them with self formulated mechanisms. The impact of internet in reshaping our social and communal lives has been vastly debated by L. Siegel (2009) in his work Against the Machine: How the Web Is Reshaping Culture and Commerce": And Why It Matters. He comments that everything from every day living to shopping and business has been modified itself according to the web. Results & Discussions The modern day technology has grasped all of us in a way that we can not opt to live outside its sphere. Individual independence along with knowledge and awareness has considerably increased. The speed and accuracy for things have remarkably increased along with the ease in handling stuff. On a general level, people are becoming more and more alienated from social groupings and getting confined to their own zones. Each person is equipped and occupied with his own virtual world and real time interaction and actions have

Future work place competenvy skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future work place competenvy skills - Essay Example Owing to the immense public interaction that this profession requires, health administrators would need to maintain their original self in addition to the mechanized self. Health administration requires a sound knowledge of management. In the contemporary age, methods are being devised to quantify the management. A lot of softwares are being employed in the workplace for organizing the work, which not many public health administrators are able to use. In the present age, people with good knowledge of IT are preferred over others for the job of public health administration. In the coming years, this competition will increase as more and more softwares are being found. Therefore, in order to excel in their field, public health administrators should gain competence in the use of the related softwares. In the University of Phoenix, I came across a diverse population of students from all over the world interacting with whom polished my interpersonal skills. The softwares we were taught wo uld be very beneficial for us in our profession.

Swiss neutrality after the cold war Essay Example for Free

Swiss neutrality after the cold war Essay The creation of the range and confines of Swiss neutrality at the point in time of its beginning and progress differed noticeably from that of these days; it may be portrayed as looser, broader and vaguer. The bipolar power-and-pact arrangement fell apart with the conclusion of the Cold War. Ever since, the global arena has seemed further complex and erratic. â€Å"Even if the balance of terror was anything other than a peaceful state, the international situation was more easily assessed then than it is today. †(Goetschel, 2005) Subsequent to the Second World War and throughout the Cold War, the Swiss government decision-makers superior the significance of impartiality at home and connected it to sovereignty. The wide-ranging population accepted this, credit in part to the combined experience of being spared the destruction of the Second World War. A neutral stance, connected with noticeable anti-communism, was seen as a method to defend in opposition to reputed threats to autonomy – be it from the Russians or from organizations with international prominence. Dissimilar to multi-polarity, bipolarity was more straightforward, and the superior meditation of power condensed susceptibility. Subsequent to the Cold War, neo-realists predicted military conflict to shatter the European continent once again. This was due to the fact that wars in Europe were actually potential threat once more, established in geographically restricted regions because of the fall of the accord system. However, these are clashes within states, not warfare between them. The modification in international relations at the conclusion of the Cold War lead to a continuing sharp rise in value for foreign policy carried out multilaterally, as different to customary mutual relations. Both the investigation for new international ideologies of organization and the opinionated management of globalization command a collective political approach; more and more, this is taking place. This is relevant to an even higher level to Europe, where the political society of EU countries carries on developing and integrating. Nation-states stay the most significant actors, but the surroundings in which they pursue and put into effect their interests has changed. During the Cold War, foreign policy and foreign trade policy were more or less identical in Switzerland, since it deliberately endorsed apolitical monetary foreign relations, in maintenance of traditional explanations of Swiss impartiality. Since then, Switzerlands foreign trade guiding principle has assisted it realize notable financially viable incorporation in the world, in spite of its small-state identity (the recurrent justification for unreceptive policy in further areas of foreign associations). Switzerlands participation in NATOs Partnership for Peace (Web 1) is a glaring example. Hastening transformation in the worldwide arena since the closing stages of the Cold War has impacted Swiss foreign policy in two ways: mutual action has developed as being more important, and the overlap of domestic and foreign policy has increased. This paper’s conclusions focus on these two points, which have originated a rise in the contradictory goals and confront that shape rational foreign policy. Global conditions influence independence, power and national interests. States, doesn’t matter if they are large or small, can ever expect to have absolute autonomy. At present independence tends to play a superior role in discussions than territorial barriers do. This calls for a combined political approach, particularly when probing for new principles of intercontinental order and dealing politically with globalization. Resources Goetschel, Laurent. 2005. Swiss Foreign Policy. Publisher: Rout ledge. Web 1- http://www. eda. admin. ch/etc/medialib/downloads/edazen/doc/publi. Par. 0012. File. tmp/Swiss%20Neutrality%20in%20Practice%20-%20Current%20Aspects. pdf

Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist Commerce Essay

Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist Commerce Essay Classical approach techniques were founded in the early 1900s and is the foundation of many modern management theories. The classical approach concentrates solely on the economical and physical stance of an organisation. A classical management technique aims to investigate the operations within an organisation in order to improve efficiency. Henri Fayol is one of many classical management theorists who has created a 14 principle model, some of which included are, that workers are only motivated by money, encouraging a centralised organisation with lower subordinates and enable authority and responsibility. Furthermore another classical management theorist named Max Weber aimed to reduce bureaucracy using his Bureaucratic Management model which he developed in the late 1800s. Classical management theorists argue that other areas of classical management simply do not exist for example job enrichment and psychological needs of an individual. However a Modernist approach may be that a worker does not solely rely on money as a part of their motivation, non-financial methods of motivation are also favoured upon. For example building relationships within an organisation or managing emotions of workers. Organisations are becoming larger in scale and are beginning to operate in a variety of worldwide markets, managing change and its employees is becoming increasingly difficult therefore having to adapt to different management approaches in order to stay competitive, furthermore this leads back to whether the classical/modernist approach is still appropriate to this time and age. Essay Henri Fayol a classical management administrative theorist has developed 14 principles which give managers fundamental basic guidelines to follow. Centralisation has always been a favourable approach for organisations in the early 1900s. However due to the growing scale of organisations today, centralisation has become less favourable for large organisations, this is because they feel need to supervise and manage its large employee base. Henri Fayols studies show that centralisation should require a balance of centralisation and decentralisation. This balance allows change in the classical management era to be communicated effectively and also enables decisions to made from the upper hierarchy. However in modern organisations, various different types of hierarchy structures can be implemented inorder to suit the business needs. For example Flat structure and Matrix structure, the flat structure gives employees more decision making responsibility with fewer layers of management from the director to the worker, on the other hand a matrix structure has various management and supervisory layers from top to bottom. To an extent the classical approach for modern organisations has given a variety of choice of managing employees within an organisation based on their environment and size. Larger modern organisations may adopt a matrix structure inorder to allow them to monitor their employees effectively whereas smaller organisations may adopt a flat structure which enables change to be processed quicker. This to an extent shows the validity of the statement whether a classical approach is no longer suitable to existing organisations and change. Henri Fayols theory on a balanced hierarchy shows importance of a changing hierarchical model. However American modernist named Melville Dalton argued in his management studies that power and decision making can be spread amongst lower ranking employees instead of having managers to make decisions on their behalf in any hierarchy model. the increasing size of modern organizations and the increasing complexity of the problems with which they have to deal makes technically impossible the participation of the rank and file in the making of decisions. (lilt.ilstu.edu, 1998) This quote also shows that larger organisations find it increasing difficult to implement decisions and change. On the other hand another classical management theorist named Max Weber believed that organisations should have a well-defined hierarchy, a clear division of labour, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships between managers and employees, competence and records. To an extent some of Max Webers theory still exists in 21st century management. In modern organisations numerous amounts of rules, regulations and company policies exist which help prevent employees from carrying out unlawful duties internally and consequences relating to those actions. Rules and regulations within an organisation help prevent change from occurring to an extent, an example of this is legislation the Data Protection Act 1998 may prevent employees from misplacing sensitive information within the workplace therefore rules and regulations within an organisation to an extent are good practice measures for maintaining standardisation. Rules and regulations to an extent also can contribute to significant change within an organisation, for example new health and safety legislation or even employee law. To an extent some these models shows that the fundamental basics have been further developed from classical and modern theorists in order to adapt to business requirements. Furthermore during the 1885 1915 Scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor, sometimes known as the father of scientific management, scientific management was aimed at improving the processes of an organisation. Scientific management theories aimed at improving employee productivity using time and motion studies, for example using larger shovels in order to reduce the amount of stops between A and B. Frederick Taylor also found in his studies that non-incentive wage systems allowed lower productivity as workers that are receiving the same wage regardless of the output. Non-incentive wage systems encourage low productivity if the employee will receive the same pay regardless of how much is produced, assuming the employee can convince the employer that the slow pace really is a good pace for the job. (netmba.com, 2003)  this quote also shows that employees tried to dodge the time and motion study in fear that employers will set new time benchmarks. In modern day organisations minimum wage legislation has also been introduced, this therefore limits the productivity of its employees; however organisations are now implementing targets and bonus incentive schemes which allow workers to earn above their minimum wage. This shows although scientific management and classical management differ, organisations are trying to adapt to various different management theories which allow them to maximise their performance. On the other hand Simon Herbert who is a modernist questioned rationality within an organisation, as an expert in the administration field Herbert identified areas in which decision makers can align rationality and judgement against organisational goals. Simon Herbert has divided rationality into six different areas, some of which are 1.Objectively rational if, in fact, it is the correct behaviour for maximising given values in a given situation. 2. Subjectively rational if it maximises attainment relative to the actual knowledge of the subject and 3. Personally rational if it is oriented to the individuals goals. (Brown, 2011)  However although this may be beneficial for decision makers Herbert assumes that decision makers already possess the knowledge required and often dismisses knowledge of their alternatives. Herbert also outlined the human capacity of processing as a limitation of rationality and also identified conflicting options for decision makers. To an extent this modernist theory is no longer suitable to modern organisations to-date as it requires decision makers to require knowledge of their alternatives, can contain incomplete information and related consequences to the decision. However some of Herberts theory on bounded rationality may be more relevant to modern organisations and change as rationality is affected by limited resources to deal with complex decisions, limited information and limited time. netmba.com. (2003).  Frederick Taylor Scientific Management. Available: http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/. Last accessed 25th Oct 2012. Brown, Reva. (2011).  Consideration of the origin of Herbert Simons theory of satisficing (1933-1947).  Available: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0025-1747volume=42issue=10articleid=865543show=html. Last accessed 28th Oct 2012. thethrivingsmallbusiness.com. (2012).  7 Advantages to Writing Business Policies and Procedures.  Available: http://thethrivingsmallbusiness.com/articles/7-advantages-to-writing-business-policies-and-procedures/. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012. lilt.ilstu.edu. (1998).  Oligarchic theories.  Available: http://lilt.ilstu.edu/rrpope/rrpopepwd/articles/bureacracy2.html. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012.

The History of the Antitrust Laws Essay -- U.S. Law

In the 1800’s there were several businesses known as trusts. These â€Å"trusts† owned the entire industry. Railroads, sugar, oil, and steel were some of the major products that were controlled by these trusts. U.S. Steel and Standard Oil were two big companies that were famous for controlling their product and the industry it was a part of. The oil industry was an easy industry to be monopolized because the deposits were rare. The Standard Oil Company was incorporated by John D. Rockefeller in Ohio in 1870. At the time, the refining business was highly competitive, and Standard Oil had more than 250 competitors. Rockefeller and his associates took advantage of both the scarcity of oil and the returns produced from it to lay down a monopoly, with no help from the banks. The industry practices and questionable strategy that Rockefeller used to form Standard Oil made the Enron mass feel ashamed, but the completed product was not near as harmful to the market or the environment as the industry was previous to Rockefeller monopolizing it. There once were a lot of oil companies competing to make the most of their find. Companies would pump waste products into the rivers or on the ground because it cost too much for research on how to dispose of it properly. They also slashed costs by pumping through poor pipelines that were famous for seepage. Standard Oil eventually owned 90% of oil production and distribution in the United States, and they had learned how to make money off of their waste products. Vaseline was one of many of the new products formed. Andrew Carnegie went a lengthy way in producing a monopoly in the steel industry U.S. Steel, a gigantic corporation nearly reaching the magnitude of Standard Oil. U.S. Steel ... ...rman+Act Antitrust: An Overview. ANTITRUST. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/Antitrust Sherman Anti-Trust Act. LawBrain. http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act Clayton Act. LawBrain. http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Clayton_Act Herbert Hovenkamp. Clayton Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/clayton-act-1914-reference/clayton-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/federal-trade-commission-act-1914-100734-reference/federal-trade-commission-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/sherman-antitrust-act-1890-101422-reference/sherman-antitrust-act-1890

City Of Joy :: essays research papers

"His suffering was transformed into surprise then peace, the peace that comes from being loved" (C.O.J. p. 254). In the book the City of Joy Hasari, Mother Theresa, Stephan Kolvaski and Max Loeb all experienced the joy and helpfulness that comes from being loved. Their problems and troubles through out the book help them to understand how to make it through tough times. Examples from this book and life show that modern medicine is not always the best way to help the sick or injured. Peoples love and kindness for each other is the most valuable gift you can give someone."This city isn't all that inhuman" (C.O.J. p. 82). Hasari said this when he was able to become a rickshawpuller. When Pam Chander befriended Hasari he saved him and his family from starvation. Ram showed Hasari that there was a still king person in a city, that was thought of as cruel. After Hasari started his job he was able to feed and buy treats for his family. Ram and Hasari's friendship continued to grow while working together. They also continued to help each other out in times of need.Ram Chandler not only got Hasari a job, he helped teach him about the rickshaw business and life in Calcutta. Ram showed Hasari where to get business and how to help the soreness from pulling. Another thing he taught Hasari was how to hide any illness he got. Ram also reminded Hasari how lucky he was to have what he did have. "Good old Ram, there was no one quire like him for making you realize that there was always someone worse off than you"(C.O.J. p. 161)."Jesus of Anand Nagar, you know that I am here simply to share- so that together they and I can show you that we love you- you and your father, the father of mercy, the father who sent you, the father who forgives" (C.O.J. p. 161). This is a prayer Stephan Kolvaski said when he first arrived in Calcutta. Kolvaski used his faith and love with to come to Calcutta to help the needy. Even when the people of India didn't share the blame beliefs he did, he helped feed the starving and cure the sick. His kindness helped many people in his village. Kolvaskis fight to help the poor brought him and Bandonna together. Bandonna has a way with the sick the hungry like on one else did.

Beer Wars Essay

Beer Wars is documentary about the American beer industry and how the 3 largest US breweries try to drive out the competition. This documentary covers how lobbyists are used to control the beer market and drive out smaller breweries such as Dogfish Head Brewery, Stone Brewery, and Moonshot: all producers of craft beer. The documentary describes how a 3 tier system was put into place to separate the powers of selling beer and prevent a monopoly but the laws that were put into place to prevent the monopoly, infact, promoted the size and strength of the largest beer corporations. An oligopoly was formed and maintained between Anheuser Busch, Coors, and Miller. Porter’s Five Forces Model is a business strategy that was covered in Beer Wars. Anat Barron described how difficult it was for small craft beer makers to be new entrants to the beer industry. When Anheuser Busch felt the least bit threatened, they had the capital and access to distribution channels that the smaller breweries did not have. The craft breweries found it greatly difficult to compete with the big 3 because they were not a substitute for the Big 3’s product, they were a small competitor. Anheuser Busch controlled the bargaining power because they were able to keep prices down due to their size and pockets while small craft breweries had to be more expensive because of the quality and care that went into it on top of having to pay a higher rate for ingredients compared to the other large corporations. To cite an example of the deep pockets that the big 3 had, Anheuser Busch came out with beer with caffeine in response to Moonshot beer, which was a craft beer (and the first of it’s kind). It can be viewed as theft but they had the pockets to Moonshot out. They targeted the bars and stores that carried Moonshot and gave them free cases of Anheuser Busch’s version of Moonshot beer. Though illegal some bars took it because it was free and busch had better prices to drive moonshot out. The intensity of competitive rivalry was at an all-time high when it came to Anheuser Busch trying to weed out the smaller breweries. The big 3 breweries managed to control the market share through advertising on tv , sponsorships, and on the store shelves through strategic placement of their product. The three tier system that separates the powers of selling beer delves into how lobbyists are used to control the beer market. Anheuser Busch uses their deep pockets to get rid of competition from small craft beer makers and control consumer choice. They purchase other beer corporations. Although only touched upon briefly towards the end of the film, Anat touched upon how Coors and Miller had to go into a 50/50 joint venture to compete with Anheuser Busch. Coors and Miller scanned the beer environment and realized that they could not keep a myopic view and hope for things to turn around. They knew that in order for each to survive, they needed to join forces. They were easier for Anheuser to take out individually but stronger as a whole.

Project Scope Somplete Kitchen Remodel Essay

Business Requirements A complete kitchen remodel is proposed and will be located at Sponsor Representatives residence. Background The residence will contain new cabinets, countertops, flooring and hardware that will update current kitchen in existing materials and result in major investment increase of the value and marketability for resale Business Opportunity An analysis based on interviews and inspection of the Sponsor Representative’s residence revealed that the current kitchen is outdated. The remodel will update the kitchen and increase the value of the residence. Business Objectives and Success Criteria The success of this project is the establishment of a new kitchen within the budget of thirty thousand dollars in the three months allocated. The kitchen remodel must be visually appealing and be functional upon completion. Customer or Market Needs: Business Risks Without the kitchen remodel, it will be impossible to increase kitchen investment value. Another risk is the financial risk of the investment itself due to loss of market value. Vision of the Solution The new kitchen will be used to cook everyday meals and also host events. Vision Statement The new kitchen will be used in the future to host events and increase the value of the residence. Assumptions and Dependencies: None Limitations and Exclusions: None Stakeholder Profiles DimensionDrivers ConstraintDegree of Freedom Schedule Complete in Three Months________________________________________ FeaturesUpdated Cabinets________________________________________ QualityQuality Cabinets Cost of Materials ________________________________________ Staff Five PM Students Outsourcing Contractors________________________________________ Cost Budget of 30K Project Priorities StakeholderMajor Value Attributes Major Interests Constraints ________________________________________ Updated KitchenIncreased Value Time of Max budget To ResidenceCompletion of 30K Operating Environment: The homeowner will be responsible for utilities used while completing the project.

Learning from the Past

Learning about the past Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There are several views from the people, whether important or not for us keep memorizing the thing that had happened in the past and then try to put on ours life now. For this topic, I would like to discuss about the positive and negative impacts that we can get from that. First of all, there are some proverbs said, the bad experiences are the best teacher that can bring us to live more better in the present or future. For instance, when the first time we learned how to drive a car, probably we might have gotten accident because of lack experiences, but by the time we had already used to it, we will able to drive with easily and pretty sure we know how to handle the car even though the road is treacherous. In addition, learning about the past can make us more efficient either in time or money. Moreover, we can give a good impacts to other people too. In general, the child will always follow in his/her parents behavior during the process of maturity. However, there are also some adverse results that we can get if we still stick with something in the past. People who had ever committed with drugs, they should try to forget it. Otherwise, they will never move on. In my opinion, I agree that learning about something in the past can bring us some value, success will not come without failure, especially old history, that can make our next generation become appreciate about their ancestors and interest to know the history of the world.

Company Overview of Domestic Direct Competitors of Sime Darby

COMPANY OVERVIEW OF DOMESTIC DIRECT COMPETITORS OF SIME DARBY (GENTING BERHAD) Genting Berhad (Genting), a holding company for the Genting Group, operates resorts, casino and plantations. It also develops properties, manufactures paper and generates electricity. The company primarily operates in Malaysia. It is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and employs 36,000people. The company recorded revenues of MYR6,943. 8 million (approximately $1,968. 3 million) during the fiscal year ended December 2006, an increase of 27. 3% over 2005. The operating profit of the company was MYR3,124. million (approximately $885. 7 million) during fiscal year 2006, an increase of 22. 7% over 2005. The net profit was MYR2,242. 5 million in fiscal year 2006, an increase of 23. 8%over 2005. SWOT ANALYSIS Genting is the management and investment holding company of Genting Group. Through its subsidiaries, the company provides leisure and hospitality, cruise and entertainment businesses. Genting also oper ates plantations, develops and manages property, power generation, manufactures and trades paper, explores oil and gas and provides tours and travel related services.The continued success of its leisure and hospitality business, driven by a strong performance from Genting Highlands Resort and its gaming business, has improved overall revenue and profit growth for the company. However, regional competition from new leisure attractions such as Disneyland and Macau's strong position in the gaming business could weaken the company's leisure and hospitality business. Strengths †¢Diverse business portfolio †¢Strong leisure and hospitality division †¢Strong performance of oil and gasWeaknesses Weak performance of property and manufacturing divisions †¢Weak returns Opportunities †¢Growing wealth of Asian population †¢Government initiatives to promote Malaysia †¢Strong outlook for China’s energy sector †¢Rising demand for biodieselThreats †¢Intense competition †¢Natural disasters and epidemics †¢Weakening demand for residential housing STRENGTHS †¢Diverse business portfolio Genting has a diversified business portfolio, which includes the management of casinos and resorts, plantations, property development, paper manufacturing and power generation.Aided by strong growth in most of its business divisions in fiscal year 2006, Genting managed to record an increase of 27. 3% in its revenues over fiscal year 2005. The revenues from leisure and hospitality division increased 20. 9%; power 89. 1%; plantation 10%;and oil and gas 19. 8%. The company is not overly dependent on any one product or business division. Its diversified business portfolio protects it from downturns in any particular division and reduces business risk. †¢Strong leisure and hospitality division The company's leisure and hospitality division has continuously contributed the highest revenues for Genting.The leisure and hospitality divis ion operates the company's hotel, gaming and entertainment businesses. In fiscal year 2006, the division recorded revenues of MYR4,286. 9 million(approximately $1,215. 2 million), contributing 61. 7% to the company's revenues. This increase is mainly due to the higher volume of business from Genting Highlands Resort. For the period 2002-2006, the leisure and hospitality division grew at a CAGR of 12%. The division's strong performance is attributed to the overall success of the company's theme resorts which are becoming Malaysia’s leading tourist destinations.The company's gaming business, which operates its casinos both locally and internationally, has also posted strong results in recent years. Strong performance from the leisure and hospitality division has improved overall revenue and profit growth for Genting. †¢Strong performance of oil and gas Revenues for the oil and gas division of Genting have consistently improved in recent years. Although the division contrib uted just 2% to Genting’s revenues in fiscal year 2006, it recorded revenues of MYR141. 3 million (approximately $40. 1 million), a 19. % increase over the previous year. From 2002-2006, the oil and gas division grew at a CAGR of 29%. The phenomenal success of the division is attributed to significantly higher oil prices and increased production. Genting expects an even stronger growth for the oil and gas division in the future from increased oil production in Muturi (Indonesia) and China. WEAKNESS †¢Weak performance of property and manufacturing divisions Despite an increase of 7. 7% in fiscal year 2006, the property division's revenues have been volatile over the recent years.For the period 2003-2006, the division's CAGR was -6%, the lowest among all the company's business divisions. Despite a 6% increase in revenues, the manufacturing division's profit before tax declined 44% in fiscal 2006 over the previous year. Weak performance of these divisions would affect the o verall growth of the company. †¢Weak returns Genting has recorded weak returns in the last few years. Its return on investments and return on equity for trailing twelve months (TTM) December 2006 were 10. 2% and 13. 5%, respectively, lower than the industry averages of 10. % and 16. 8% for the same period. Weak returns reflect the inability of the management to deploy assets in profitable avenues, and this could result in decreasing investor confidence. OPPORTUNITIES †¢Growing wealth of Asian population Strong economic growth is expected to improve the spending habits of leisure travellers in the Asian region. A number of Asian countries are expected to record a significant CAGR in GDP per capita in the next five years, including: China (10. 1%), India (8. 1%), Thailand (7%), Singapore and Malaysia(6. 6%).Consequently, disposable income in these countries is expected to grow in the next five years. India’s disposable income records the highest CAGR of 11. 1%, Thaila nd, 8. 4%, China, 8. 1%,Malaysia, 5. 5% and Singapore, 5. 3%. Genting's foreign visitors mostly come from these countries. As such, the company stands to profit from the improving economic conditions of these markets. Rising income levels will increase demand for leisure and hospitality services. †¢Government initiatives to promote Malaysia The importance of tourism to the Malaysian economy has grown considerably in recent years.The joint efforts of Malaysia’s Tourism Ministry and Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB) to stimulate tourism activities are expected to result in higher tourist arrivals in Malaysia. The MTPB hosts trade, tourism and consumer fairs around the world to promote the country’s culture and tourist attractions. In fiscal year 2005, there were a total of about 15. 8 million international arrivals in Malaysia. Annual targets announced under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) include an increase in international arrivals from 17. 3 million in 2006 to 20 million by 2010.In addition, the Malaysian government recently announced a five-day work week for civil servants, which translate to a greater number of holidays available for Malaysians. Also, the presence of low-fare air travel will boost the leisure and tourism industry in Malaysia. This positive outlook of Malaysian tourism presents the company with growth opportunities. †¢Strong outlook for China’s energy sector Demand for worldwide energy is expected to report strong growth until 2025. Energy demand from China is expected to grow by an average of 3. 2% annually until 2025, to reach a volume of 14. 2million barrels per day (bbl/d).Genting has consistently expanded its oil and gas assets including the acquisition of four power plants in China. China is the world's second largest consumer of petroleum products and the company stands to benefit from the growth in China’s energy sector. †¢Rising demand for biodiesel The European Union has a targe t of replacing 5. 75% of diesel with renewable sources by 2010. In view of this growing European demand for bio fuels, the Malaysian government is encouraging the use of palm oil to the production of biodiesel. The country is also preparing to change from diesel to bio-fuels in the near future.It has stipulated that from 2007, all diesel sold in Malaysia must contain5% palm oil. The plantation division of Genting is involved mainly in oil palm plantations, palm oil milling and related activities. It could therefore take advantage of the new opportunity to improve its revenue growth. THREATS †¢Intense competition Genting's leisure and hospitality division is expected to face stiff competition from new leisure attractions in Asia. Disneyland Hong Kong, which opened in September 2005, has emerged as a key competitor The Disneyland attracted approximately 5. million visitors in its first year of operation and is expected to increase to about 10 million annually. Genting is also fac ing competition from casinos in Macau. Macau has at least fourteen casinos, of which the biggest is the Casino Lisboa. Four casino resorts are scheduled to be launched in the next few years in Macau. Disneyland Hong Kong and casinos in Macau could draw tourists away from Genting's leisure and hospitality locations, which would reduce revenue growth. †¢Natural disasters and epidemics The leisure and hospitality is vulnerable to natural disasters and epidemics.In 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) adversely affected the Star Cruises operation. Star Cruises was also badly affected by the tsunami in 2004. In 2005-2006, outbreak of bird flu affected the leisure and travel industry including cruises. Natural disasters and outbreak of epidemics such as SARS and bird flu in the future could reduce tourist traffic to resorts, casinos and cruise ships of Genting, which would pull revenue growth down. †¢Weakening demand for residential housing Demand for r esidential properties in Malaysia is weakening.Demand for housing in 2006 was lower than 2005. Moreover, the Malaysian GDP growth for 2007 is expected to be 5. 0% down from 5. 8%in 2006 which could have a corresponding effect on Malaysian housing. The company has a significant presence in residential housing. It has recently launched two residential properties: Asiatic Cheng Perdana and Asiatic Indahpura. Excess supply in the Malaysian residential property market and the consequent fall in property prices would negatively impact the performance of Genting's property division.

Static Electricity

Everything is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms are made up of even smaller parts called protons, electrons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-) and neutrons have no charge at all, they are neutral. Atoms normally have the same amount of electrons and protons, making them neutral and having no charge. When rubbing things together, electrons can move from one atom to another, resulting in some atoms having extra electrons and a negative charge.The other atoms now have more protons than electrons and a positive charge. When the charges are separated, it is static electricity. â€Å"Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons and protons. Any device that develops and maintains a voltage can be considered a voltage source. To accomplish this, the voltage source must remove electrons from one point and transfer electrons to a second point. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) One type of electricity is static ele ctricity. The term static means standing still which makes static electricity an electric charge that is at rest.Static electricity is defined as â€Å"an accumulation of electric charge on an insulated body. † (Free Dictionary) In other words, it is a charge that is created when two objects that are not good electrical conductors are rubbed together, and electrons from one of the object rub off onto the other object. Some of the results of static electricity may be sparks, shocks, or even materials clinging together. The simplest way to form static electricity is by friction. Friction is simply the rubbing of one object against another.By rubbing two different materials together, â€Å"electrons may be forced out of their valence shells in one material and picked up in the shell of the other material. The material that gives up electrons more freely becomes positively charged and the one that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) When the electrons are relocated from one material to another, it is called triboelectric charging. Static electricity is formed much better in areas with low humidity and dry air. With humid air, tiny water molecules can collect on the surface of different materials and prevent the buildup of an electrical charge.Although small amounts of water, such as those developed from humidity, can affect a charge, â€Å"extreme turbulence among water drops†, such as in a thunderstorm cloud, can cause static electricity to build up on the water droplets themselves. Benjamin Franklin showed that static electricity is created in a thunderstorm cloud by flying a kite during a storm. He noticed the static electricity by seeing the hairs on the kite stand on end and created an electric spark with a metal key. There are other ways to produce a static charge other than friction or contact.An object can also be charged by induction. Induction is used to produce a charge of opposite polarity. Inductance is defined in the text as an â€Å"electrical property which opposes change in current. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) An inductor is â€Å"a device that generates a counter emf that tends to oppose any change in current through the use of ac current flowing through a coil wire. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) Charging by induction makes use of the electrostatic field surrounding a charged body in order to charge an object without touching it.If a negatively charged rod is brought close to the sphere on the inductor, the negative charges in the sphere move as far away from the rod as possible. By touching the sphere, it is grounded and allows the electrons to completely leave the sphere. Once you remove your finger, the electrons no longer have a way of returning to the sphere and the rod is then positively charged. Static electrical charge can be produced by a high-voltage direct current source. Many air purifiers use both positively and negatively charged plates to remove tiny dirt particles from the air.This system uses an electrostatic precipitator and oppositely charged grids. The dirty air moves through the precipitator which gives the dirt particles a positive charge. All of those particles are then attracted to the negatively charged grid and then the air passes through a carbon filter to remove any odors. Static electricity is also used with photography to work a photocopier. An â€Å"electrostatically charged drum† attracts toner particles to the image in the original document. The metal drum inside the machine is charged at the eginning of each copy. The system inside the photocopier then puts an image of the document onto the drum. The electric charge goes away wherever light shines on the drum and so only the dark parts of the image are still charged on the metal surface. The particles of black toner are oppositely charged and then applied to the drum. The charged parts, which contain the image, are attracted to the toner and transferred to t he paper and finally attached to the paper with heat. Static electricity can cause materials to attract or repel each other.If you use a hair dryer on your hair and then comb through it or just comb it on a very dry day, the plastic comb will collect negative charges from the hair and leave the hair with an excess amount of positive charges. Since like charges repel, the hair strands will push away from each other causing your hair to stand up or â€Å"flyaway. † Static electricity can also cause a spark to jump from one material to another, like when you touch someone and â€Å"shock† them. As you walk across something like a carpet, electrons cling to you.When you have extra electrons, you then have a negative charge and are attracted to positive charges so once you touch someone else, assuming they have a positive charge, you will feel a tiny shock which is a quick movement of electrons. If there are enough positive electrical charges on one object or material and e nough negative charges on another, the attraction may be so great that the electrons will jump to the other object with out the two touching. After a few electrons make the jump, the air begins to heat up and causes more and more electrons to move and the air to get even hotter.This all happens so fast and causes the air to get so hot that it glows for a split second and is known as a spark. The same process occurs with lightning only on a much larger scale. Removing or preventing a static charge can be very simple such as opening a window or using an air humidifier to â€Å"increase the moisture content of the air and make the atmosphere more conductive. † (Wikipedia) Items that are very sensitive to static discharge can be treated with an antistatic agent. Wikipedia defines an antistatic agent as something that â€Å"adds a conducting urface layer which ensures that any excess charge is evenly distributed. † An example of an antistatic agent is fabric softener or dry er sheets which are used in your laundry to prevent and remove static cling. â€Å"Semiconductor devices† which are used in electronics are very sensitive to static charge. These devices are protected using antistatic bags and those who work with these devices ground themselves by wearing conductive antistatic straps to protect their bodies. To test for a charge on an object, you must see how that object affects another object with a known charge.If the two objects repel, that means their charges are alike and if they attract, the charges are opposite. To see if an object is neutral, test it with another neutral object. Neutral objects do not attract with each other, only with another positive or negative object. â€Å"An aluminum-leaf electroscope is a device for detecting the presence of an electric charge and also for determining whether the charge is positive or negative. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) This device is made up of a flask with an insulating stopper. A metal r od goes through the center of the stopper and a metal knob is fastened to the outside end of the rod.Two very thin pieces of aluminum are attached to the other end of the rod inside the flask. â€Å"Normally the positive and negative charges within the electroscope balance each other, leaving it neutral. When a negatively charged body touches the knob of the electroscope, electrons flow from the charged body into the knob and down to the aluminum leaves. Each leaf then becomes negatively charged. Since like charges repel and both leaves are negative, they will diverge, indicating that the object contained a static charge. † (Petruzella, 2001. )In conclusion, static electricity is all around us. It may clean our air or be the cause of a terrible hair day but has both positive and negative effects on many daily routines.Work Cited Page Petruzella, Frank. Essentials of Electronics. Second Ed. Columbus, OH: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2001. 39-43. Print. Kurtus, Ron. â€Å"Basics of St atic Electricity. † School for Champions. N. p. , 23 Jan 2009. Web. 17 Oct 2010. . â€Å"Definition of Static Electricity. † The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Web. 20 Oct 2010. . â€Å"Static Electricity. † Wikipedia. N. p. , 16 Oct 2010. Web. 17 Oct 2010. .

Analysis 1st Movement Beethoven's Eroica Symphony Essay

Analysis 1st Movement Beethoven's Eroica Symphony - Essay Example The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B flat, 2 bassoons, 3 horns in E flat and C, 2 trumpets in E flat and C, timpani and strings. The symphony was completed in late 1804 and premiered privately in summer 1804 at castle Eisenberg of Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz who was a patron of Beethoven. The first public performance was given at Theater an der Wien (Vienna) on April 7, 1805 and was conducted by Beethoven himself. Among the four parts of the symphony, the first movement (Allegro con brio) stands out in its grandness and innovations. The movement showed exceptional compoition technique and a dramitic change in style compared to the other ccontemporary works of the period. Burnam describes the first movemet of Eroica as, It is primarily this movement that has been responsible for the stature of Eroica, for its role as turning point of music history. The unexampled drama of this movement single-handedly altered the fate of sonata form, the defining form of the classical style, not to mention that of the symphony.1 The following essay will attempt to analyse the first movement of the Eroica. ... A movement written in sonata form falls into three sections called exposition, development and recapitulation. Composers might also add an introduction and an ending coda. Although first moment of Eroica is in sonata form, it does show some differences from the conventional form of other composers. The first movement extends beyond the length of most symphonies of the time spans 691 measures. Throughout the work Beethoven integrates new ways of conveying his ideas. Also, there is no formal introduction to the moment as was common at the time. Instead of this there are two abrupt major chords and the immediate announcement of the hero theme. In the first movement, Beethoven indicates that the exposition is to be repeated which was again unconventional at the time. The overall weight of the movement is towards the end where the large coda climaxes the movement. Again, unlike major previous movements, the development of the first movement of the Eroica is longer than its exposition. In previous classical sonatas, the development section served as a transitional pathway from exposition to the recapitulation. However, in Eroica's first movement, the 246 development section exceeded the exposition by more than 100 measures. The unique characteristic of the Eroica Symphony is the incorporation into musical form of death, destructiveness, anxiety, and aggression, as terrors to be transcended within the work of art. Eroica has extreme thematic condensation and owing to this extreme thematic condensation, critics are on occasion unable to specify what Beethoven's 'themes' are. Another fact worth considering is that Beethoven did consciously attempt to 'write without

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on Equality in Women and Essay

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on Equality in Women and Race in Collegiate Sports - Essay Example ACLU remains in the forefront in promoting the Bill of rights and ensuring that citizens are protected by the government through the laws that are formed. It is watchful on lawmakers and frequently issues public statements on pending national, state and local legislation by campaigning in support or against certain laws. It strives to ensure that each individual enjoys their civil rights. This paper will be a discussion on ACLU on equality in women and race in collegiate sports. Women and people of color are some of the people that are widely subjugated in the society. Females have always been interested in athletics, besides it makes them physically fit and have better body structures. When females were excluded from Olympics in 776 B.C, they created their own version, the Games of Hera. This shows that women have desire in sports, opposing the viewpoint that the society has that women are not interested in any physical activity (ACLU 1). The ACLU in conjunction with Title IX, this is a law banning discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions, have been instrumental in ensuring that women and people of other races get an equal opportunity in sports just like their male counterparts. The ACLU has written literature on the issues of women and race in relation to sports. A project of the American Civil Liberties Union of Washington foundation wrote the following literature in 2007. In the early 1900s, physical education instructors strongly opposed competition among females, as late as 1972, only one in 27 females participated in high school athletics compared to one in two males. In the public arena, there were more females following various sports proceedings, this challenged the notion that females were incapable or uninterested in sports (ACLU 5). Law makers responded and in 1972, the U.S Congress enacted Title IX, banning discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions. Washington added the Equal Rights Amendment to its const itution in 1975, this together with the Sexual Equality Act advocated for gender equality in educational institutions. As a result of this, the number of females in collegiate athletics increased from 32,000 to 171,000 (ACLU 5). On the other hand, female athletes of color are still underrepresented in athletics. However, with continued sensitization, the 2004 College Sports Racial Gender Report Card found that 14.9 percent of females participating in sports were African-American (ACLU 6). This was an indication of a slight improvement. In the year 2005, the court made it clear that if a coach or any other school employee complained on behalf of students with regard to discrimination based on sex or race, title IX protected such an individual from any action from his or her employer (ACLU 8). The ACLU Function of Washington advocates for the fact that sports programs in schools should accommodate the interests and abilities of members of both sexes. Funding is another issue that is r aised. Female and male sport programs must receive equal funds. In the situation where there is a club supporting a team that was dominated by one gender and not the other, the school is supposed to compensate for this imbalance by ensuring the other team got an equal share of funding. On the same level with funding, provision of equipment and supplies, travel allowances, assignment and compensation of coaches and provision of locker rooms also have

International Trade Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Trade Simulation - Essay Example Say for example, a country that has fertile soil and a climate that is beneficial to agriculture can specialize in agricultural products. They can export the agricultural products and import products that are products more efficiently by other countries. By using this advantage, both countries will be able to increase their wealth by specializing products they products efficiently and export them, then import the ones they don’t produce so well. The Trade Representative Office of Rodamia would like to give the Hon. Michael Jacobs, President of Rodamia, some recommendations for the scenarios in the international trade we will encounter. Lisa Drake, Chairman of the Trade Commission, gave expert advice to formulate sound international trade policies and Walter Barnes, Deputy Trade Representative, assisted in handling negotiations with neighbouring countries. Rodamia has three neighbouring countries: Uthania, Alfazia, and Suntize. And each of them has their own resource of special ization. It is also of absolute importance to know the rationale of each recommendation, its advantages and disadvantages. Understanding Opportunity Costs and the Production Possibility Frontier In the first scenario, the opportunities for trade in Uthania, Alfazia and Suntize should be explored. In this case, we need to decide which products should be exported to which country and which to be imported to which country. ... To better understand the comparative and absolute advantages of Rodamia, the opportunity costs for each product of each country are shown in the tables below: Table 1. Opportunity cost comparison for countries producing agricultural products Corn (units: 000 tons) Cheese (units: Mn Pounds) Rodamia 1 2 Uthania 1 1 Alfazia 2 3 Table 2. Opportunity cost comparison for countries producing electronics DVD Players (units: Mn pieces) Watches (units, Mn Pieces) Rodamia 2 3 Uthania 1 2 Suntize 2 5 The opportunity cost described here is the value of what is given up. Before we set to trade, it is important to understand the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) and the opportunity cost for each decision we take. PPF measures the maximum combination of outputs you can get from a given number of inputs, For example, the PPF of corn and cheese in Rodamia shows the maximum amounts of two goods that can be produced from the given resources and technology. In Table 1, the opportunity costs for corn and cheese were presented. If you produce no cheese, then all resources can be used to produce 4000 tons of corn. For every 1 unit of corn produced in Rodamia, 2 units of cheese are equivalent. Walter Barnes discussed Rodamia’s comparative advantage that lies in corn production since it has a lower opportunity cost compared to cheese. In the scenario of corn vs. cheese, it is highly recommended to export corn and import cheese. Now the next step is to determine which country to import cheese. We can import cheese from Uthania since the cheese production has a lower opportunity cost compared to Alfazia. Though Alfazia has an absolute advantage in producing

Should gays & lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military Research Paper

Should gays & lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military - Research Paper Example Homosexuals need to be allowed the same opportunities as other people. Their sexual orientation does not make them lesser beings, and it should not be used as an excuse to bar them from doing things that they want to do (Carter 233). I support the idea of having gays and lesbians in the US military, regardless of whether they practice homosexuality or not. I do not see how why this group of well-meaning citizens should be judged for their sexual orientation and yet they are willing to risk their lives for the sake of this great country. For someone to sacrifice his life for the sake of his country and country folk, it requires a remarkable sense of bravery (Bourg 429). Instead of being viewed as unwanted people, gay men and lesbians wanting to join the military should be treated like the heroes they are. The introduction of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy has greatly improved matters for the gay and lesbian community in America (Carter 233). Homosexuals a re no longer required to disclose their sexuality on the enlistment forms. The policy also disallowed any military official investigating the sexual orientation of military officers. This gave homosexuals more freedom and confidence in applying for military positions. No one should be harassed just because they have a different sexual orientation from others. ... If one is to be discriminated against because of something that he or she cannot change, then that is very unfortunate because it would be tantamount to denying them their fundamental rights as citizens of America (Bourg 430). Being different should not be viewed as a weakness or as a moral wrong, rather society should embrace everyone since we all have something positive to share with others. Tolerating and accepting the gay and lesbian community may be a tall order for some people, but this should not be the case. Many gay men and lesbian women have served this country in different aspects with honor (Carter 234). When people say that homosexuals should not serve in the military, what they are portraying is fear about things that might never happen in the first place. This fear is unwarranted because it is obvious that homosexuals live very peacefully with other people, it would not be different in the military. The standard that needs to be upheld in the military is not gender ori entation; rather a lot of emphasis should be on attitude and behavior (Johnson 133). If the gays and lesbians have the right kind of attitude and behavior for military service, then there should be no problem enlisting them. There is no evidence showing that one’s sexuality may determine one’s efficiency at work. The only thing that comes in the way of efficiency is one’s determination or the lack of it. If a homosexual is therefore determined to keep the United States and the citizens safe, I think that he or she should be given the chance. If gays and lesbians are barred from military service, then what is to be said of their fundamental rights and liberties as Americans? The American constitution is categorical in the provision of equality in

Summary, findings and opinions on the reading Essay

Summary, findings and opinions on the reading - Essay Example Each website an internet user visit during his or her browsing session usually facilitate to the achievement of some objectives that are beyond mere identification of independent visitors to the site (White and Kamal, 2012).This similarity amongst all websites makes it easy for any person to note their relations to each other. When different website are complementary like search engine and content website, then internet users willingness to visit the combination of these sites depend on the rate of advertisement of each site (White and Kamal, 2012).This means that the number of visitors each site get per a specified period depends on its advertisement policy and frequency. So each website should keenly develop its advertisement strategies in an effective manner to ensure it attract higher number of visitors. In scenarios where complementary sites act independently, then their total distraction from their advertising becomes too high thus discouraging many internet users from visiting these sites. This makes it hard for these sites to maximize their total profits from advertisements. Secondly when complementary sites decide to operate independently, they end up allocating inefficient demands to attract internet user’s attention. When there are two competing companies with constant marginal cost that provides customers with perfectly complementary components, then overall business gains can be maximized only when one of the companies decides to lower it price to equal it marginal cost and the other firm freely adopt optimal price (White and Kamal, 2012).However, this fact does not apply to website owners when they opt to distract internet user from using their site in their attempt to advertise their sponsors’ product. This means that forcing one of the complementary sites not to advertise does not necessarily maximize total profits of the complementary sites. In fact, it can lead to decline in total profits of the two complementary sites due to lac k of cooperation between them. While increased competition from a multiple complementary sites solves the problem of double marginalization, the competition, also leads to increased problem of mis'-marginalization. Effect of differentiation among content website To achieve greater efficiency, when the market is in equilibrium and all firms tend to behave non-cooperatively, and content website has relatively inefficient advertising technologies, then it is socially desirable that the website owners increase the number of content websites than the internet users induces to enter (White and Kamal, 2012). This is because an increase in the number of content websites shifts advertising away from the content websites to the more efficient search engine advertising technology. Effect of competition When two or more sellers who deals with complementary products engages in double marginalization, then to ensure that they all maximize profits, then they need to increase competition in all mar kets (White and Kamal, 2012).This is because if the market of one firm becomes perfectly competitive, then the other complementary firm can successfully charge a price that implements the optimum outcome of the industry as a whole. Otherwise if, a set of complementary websites, whose

Assess the impact of the Iranian revolution on Middle East politics Essay

Assess the impact of the Iranian revolution on Middle East politics - Essay Example Shi’ite Islam was declared as the state religion and widespread reforms, covering nearly every department of the state, were introduced. This also resulted in the restructuring of the foreign policy of this company. The new leaders of the state had a whole new perspective for the world, especially their neighboring Middle Eastern states. This new foreign policy was to change the face of Middle Eastern Politics forever. To analyze this new order of politics, we must have a proper insight of the foreign relations between Iran and the other Middle Eastern countries. The first country that may come in mind is Iraq (Menashri‎, 2001, p.‎46). After the dismissal of the Shah of Iran, Shah Raza Pahlavi, who was always considered as a liberal Shah who had ‘strayed’ the people of Iran from the true path of Islam, there was a sudden change of the international views of Iran. This also inducted a huge change in the local policies between countries, such as Iraq and Iran. With the Iraq-Iran war between 1980 and 1988, there was a focus towards the Kurdish factor between the two states. This gave rise to a Kurdish conflict between the two states which was promoted by both of the states. Iraq promoted the movement known as the KDPI (Kurdish Democratic party of Iran) to function inside the Iranian territory at different spots which included Nowdesheh and Qasr-e-Shirin. KDPI was supplied with weapons and various military arms throughout the war and wanted to develop liberated zones inside the state of Iran (Bernard, 1995, p.‎428). Similarly, Iran also indulged in a Kurdish movement as a counter retaliation against Iraq. By 1983, they started funding Kurdish parties such as KDP (Kurdish Democratic Party) and PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) to function inside the Iraqi Premises and cause various un-settlements within the state. This threatened Baghdad

Nursing Rresearch Utilization Project Proposal on Alternative Pain Essay

Nursing Rresearch Utilization Project Proposal on Alternative Pain Management - Essay Example Philosophers, psychologists, biologists and pharmacologists have attempted to understand pain based on an interdisciplinary approach. With technological advances and centuries of research, have led to an in depth of comprehension of pain mechanisms and accordingly several theories have been put forward over the years to explain the mechanism of pain. While the classical theories stressed the physiological aspects of pain, the multidimensional theories included the physiological as well as psychological, cognitive and social aspects of pain (Gatchel et al., 2007). The pain pathway involves three neuron route that carry pain stimuli from periphery to cerebral cortex: the primary afferent neurons, the dorsal horn of spinal cord where primary afferent neurons synapse with second order neuron (SON); and finally the third order neurons (TON) that synapse with SON in thalamic nuclei. Each of these routes involve several alternative pathways. The receptors and the fibers associated with pain perception in peripheral receptor system are known as nociceptors which can be of different types depending on the nature of stimuli received. However there are also two more dimensions to pain perception besides nociception. The individual’s description or assessment of experiences that he labels as pain and the emotional reaction to the pain perception forms the second dimension. The third dimension encompasses the social aspects of pain (Gatchel et al., 2007). Professional aid for pain management becomes essential when it restricts or interferes with daily activities, or when self care techniques fail to provide relief. The ultimate treatment goal for pain is the alleviation of pain symptom and improvement of individual functional ability. Due to its complex nature, pain management is rendered a challenging and multifaceted task. In accordance care providers today incorporate and utilize varied techniques including patient education, medications, physical therapies, relax ation techniques, psychosocial counseling, surgical procedures, injection techniques, various alternative medicine modalities for effective and intensive pain management (Gatchel et al., 2007). Based on this premise the current project proposal aims to explore the available and prevalent alternative pain management techniques and their comparative efficacies. B. Solution description Mind/Body Medicine During the last three decades many researchers have begin to explore the interconnections between mind and body; and have attempted to understand the hitherto unexplored efficacy of most traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine. This has led to the emergence of the new field of psychoneuroimmunology. Mid body techniques are based on three premises; relation of body and mind, ability of body to heal itself and role of care provider in restoring health. This field includes techniques such as psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and guided imagery. Psychotherapy Psych otherapy approaches are based on the interdependence of stress and pain forming a vicious circle. They therefore provide relaxation therapies to develop a sense of control, change the mode of dealing with pain and decreasing levels of discomfort. Hypnosis, music or audioanalgesia and other relaxation techni

Benefits of the European Union Essay Example for Free

Benefits of the European Union Essay The European Union is an organization of democratic European countries based on the idea of committing to working together for peace and prosperity. In the recent years the Union is considered to be one of the most strongest and most influential organisation in the world. Therefore all questions related to this are become questions with significant matter. In this essay I shall be firstly define my academic subject with presenting a short rà ©sumà © of the history of the European Union followed by an explanation of its main benefits and why they are so important. In order to support my arguments I shall use reliable sources and materials, whose authors are regarded as trustworthy on the European Union issues. In my conclusion I’ll summarise the main advantages of the European union and I’ll explain why every one of us should be interested in this subject. Identifing   myself as a part of the Union and conduct from the heart of the european idea,I shall strongly backing my position that the European Union is the only future for Europe. The European Union is a unique legal system which, following the most recent expansion of 1st January 2007, comprises almost 489 million people within 27 States with diverse legal traditions. Any further enlargements would bring the EU’s population to over half a billion people, (more than the USA and Japan combined). The main idea of creating an integrated Union was conceived before 50 years as a way to prevent destruction and to maintain peace within Europe.   The general aim of the European Union is an economic and political progress and to realize a common foreign and security policy, to stabilize the protection of the rights and interests of the member states, and to develop close cooperation on justice and home affairs (Politics in the EU, p.90). All European Union decisions and procedures are based on the Treaties, which are agreed by all the EU countries. This is one of the main democratic characteristics on the Union. The core of the Union, which is the single market, consists the main benefits and advantages that European Union can offer to its citizen. From 1 January 1993 the European Community formally became a Single Market without internal frontiers. What does this actually means? This means that people, goods, services and capital will be able to move around as freely as within one country. (EU Law 2006, p.369).   Its creation was one of the main objectives of the original Rome of Treaty (1957). These four freedoms of movement are underpinned by a range of supporting policies and they are the engine of the single market. Consequently many standards have been harmonized for hundreds of products, producing a level playing field for manufacturers across the EU, regardless of where they are based.  Moreover the process of harmonization of goods produced in one country of the Single Market by all the others means that if this product is high quality to be sold in one member state, it cannot be excluded from sale in another.   The overall effect has been to turn the EU into a huge â€Å"domestic† market for all citizens.

Federal Government on Public School Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Federal Government on Public School Curriculum Essay Education is the one which build the molders of the society. It has been one of the major issues tackled during election campaigns and debates. Of all the issues in governance and in leading the nation, federal role in education receives less attention. The federal programs that exist in our country are lacking the ability to meet the standards that would qualify for a world quality yet government-funded education. In the educational system history, less help come from the federal government that worsens the scenario of schools specially those that are considered public. Aside from the role of the federal government in funding education particularly public schools, it is also important for the federal government to make sure that the curriculum be in its world quality standards of learning. The curriculum guides an educational system to be in its right path to reach the proper knowledge and learning. However, the Federal government was prohibited to control education under the General Education Provisions Act of April 18,1970 that was cited at 20USC(52)I §3921 of the Education Security Act of August 11, 1984. This prohibition is followed by the Controlled Substance Act that prohibits all professional competence in drug control. Another prohibition is the non-sponsorship of the federal government of any kind of testing that is provided for and enacted by law. Consequently, these prohibitions make the responsibility left behind with the States. Each States should have their own means of providing education to their respective youths. The congress had legislated an unconstitutional attitude that pertains to such education that prohibits good governance. This also limits the freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The exclusion of the federal government is not applicable at this time and thus, many (including those in the congress) suggest giving the proper education aid as soon as it should be. As an improvement, Former President George W. Bush passed â€Å"The No Child Left behind Act of 2001† which intends to increase the federal government’s support and involvement to education was legalized. The Federal government together with the US Department of Education should allow the idea of a national curriculum for public schools. In this way, the State and local educational offices will only maintain and enforce the standards without even evaluating the curriculum. The Department of Education upon their approval of national curriculum should always have their assessment at each half of the year to make sure that the standards for curriculum are well enforced. Reference ERIC.Government and the Public School Curriculum. Retrieved April 3, 2009 @http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true_ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ270398ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=noaccno=EJ270398

Relationship Between Architecture and Politics

Relationship Between Architecture and Politics Architecture is not only classified as describing the elegant and formal preferences of an architect, but it can also reveal the hopes, power struggle and the elements culture of the society. Although nowadays architecture tend to orbit around themes that represents neutrality in order to represent a healthier theme or image for the city without supporting any political regime ,it can be certainly maintained that using architecture as a major tool to symbolize power and authority for a society such as Nazi Germany and Rome power is a required and preferred tool in order to keep the legacy of the society or area alive as time passes by as the built environment is a text whose every word reveals a nation’s vicissitudes. As insofar the building that was only said to be a work or architectural earth can serve a purpose of being a visual metaphor, announcing something in its own way about the power, existence, strength, protectiveness and structure of the institution it represents. Firstly, architecture supports the system with a structural model which is used by the society to conceptualize the world which makes it connected with political power as said by Mitchell kapor â€Å"Architecture is politics†. Hence there is a structural relationship between the social and political sides, architecture reveals the power that is embodied in it and specifically the monumental architecture that is formed by the political powers. These monuments shows the power of the individuals accountable for their formation and they describe the nature of that power. For example, using axial architecture symbolizes consistently more to power which control the community as it directs people to that seat or that specific power. Whereas ,Non-axial architecture always maintain the equality of constituent parts and puts the choices always between people’s hands rather than the mastery of certain goal. Moreover non axial architecture is regularly connected to political power as mandate from the masses. Architecture that symbolizes top-down distribution of power is the opposite of an architecture that demonstrates control vested by the community as shown even in prisons as the warden’s power is over the inmate which shows the supreme edge of social control. As architecture can control the way we understand the world, looking at architectural history the relation between the monumental architecture and political power can consistently be seen. Architecture gives us the choice to visualize mentally and support societies to create systems that shows their social and cultural traditions and practices. Hence, leaders use it to express the way that they understand reality in and express how they crave to be seen by the people and enforce their opinion and view and carry their power over the populace. However, Nazi’s and Romans leaders in Germany and Rome in the old centuries used architecture in a way to exude power and domination in order to keep their legacy as a society with power and wealth in the world, hence their buildings had an enormous effect on the way architects designed their buildings in the western side of the world and still continues till this day. Nowadays along the western world the effect of Roman power is still manifest which shows how using architecture as a society power tool can be effective and is needed by the world, and many European cities still have souvenirs that remind them of the ancient Rome. Architecture played an essential role in bringing together the empire and was vital to the success of Rome as both formal architecture like temples and basilicas for example bridges and aqueducts had a major role in representing Rome power. Communication across the far flung was supported by the construction of the roads with their bridges. Moreover, clean and hygiened water was provided to the people in city by aquedects. Whereas, the basilica fulfilled administrative functions which was showed in American cities in town halls or court houses and other buildings also served roman power weather directly or indirectly. The basilicas had various characteristics and components such as a projection which the Romans called apse which acted as the seat of the magistrate accountable for dispensing the law and along with it comes a scene or an image of the emperor which is the source of the law. Then above the image is a curvy semi -circular line which acts as an echo in the form of the apse. The basilica in Roman city carried the concept of Roman authority for the people of the Roman Empire. The association with person was a prima explanation for the use of the basilica soft as the typical become of the Christian church from the abstraction of the Emperor Metropolis. The organization of the space and disposition of the buildings in the second century formed almost a symbolic map of Roman power which the study of this early second century building complex show us. To summarize the Roman architecture, the basilica with its apses points and symbolized to Roman law power; the authority of classical culture and literature is shown by its formal libraries; and the religion is reflected to the public life of the people by the temples. Also Trajan which is the Roman military leader and has images at the center of the city in the imperial axis has ordered the built of the markets on the adjacent hill which states an obvious statement about the emperor being the provider for the Roman populace. Reminders of the culture and traditions of the Roman Empire are still there throughout the western world cities. Most Leaders want to give intimidation and control through their built environment and visual testament to their strength and control to the people and the nation .Examples can be seen all around the world. In Paris after Napoleon became the king of the empire in 1804, he wanted Paris to become the new Rome so you can find various similarities in their buildings. The Arc de Triumphed, started to be built by Napoleon in 1806 but not finished until 1836, is the extremely famous example of the French taking of Roman formulas In Vendome in Paris, the leader Napoleon ordered the built of a monumental free-standing column that was clearly based and similar in structure to the column of Ttrajan from the early second century.A bronze statue is on the top of the vendomne column and has a costume that looks like a Roman, like Trajan on his column. The service of the Madeleine. The designer Pierre-Alexandre Vignon plain supported his construction on the distinct strain of the Italian Temple. Secondly, Nazi’s and Hitler also used architecture in a way to threaten and intimidate the people and go forward in the power of their state. It is shown clearly in their projects as some element like stark facades, columns, pilasters, and clean lines is used in a massive scale by the project’s architects such as Albert Speer, Hermann Giesler, and Fritz Todt to form a new aesthetic and demonstrate power, control and domination. Moreover, the building’s sizes gave a huge effect and showed clearly the wealth and power of the Germans to anyone who ventured their buildings. Hence, the city of Berlin was to be the city of the Nazis corp, and as such, required to bonk and resemble the noesis, ascendancy, and caliber of the Fascist circle. Invoking images of the Catholicism Empire, the remade Berlin would be titled Germania, the old European plant for Deutschland. Domination of the world was the aim of Berlin so it required more monuments. So to ceremonialize the power of the German state a plan and models to create a city with an enormous number of public building were made by the architects responsible of the project. Many buildings are still surviving till nowadays although the Berlin plan did not fully succeed that represent the rare trend of the regime. The style of intimidaton architecture was the main style used by the germans while building and designing their buildings. Other buildings not representative of the Nazi vogue all the same reference Nazi aims by glorifying both the past of Teutonic and the culture of the rural as well. Always, Nazi architects worked to confirm that their buildings served the needs of the regime. Influenced by classical Hellenic Republic and Rome, they cultivated ANaesthetic of order, victimization lowest decoration and action straight lines. From the baroque era, they realised the facility of buildings as expressions of wealth and power, and they tried to include that expression into their buildings. Nazi desi gn served the state by actioning its values, demonstrating its power, and making edifices capable of lasting for hundreds of years. The Nazis tried to regulate each facet of Germans lives; design contend a key role during this. The order and plainness of Nazi facades mirrored the order perfect by Nazi theorists. Places designed for mass community experiences designed unity round the party. Buildings reflective rural and Teutonic pasts emphasised the Nazis glorification of these times. Constant aspects of Nazi buildings supposed to impress foreign diplomats served double duty by expressing the strength of the National Socialist German Workers Party to everybody United Nations agency lapsed. Adolf Hitler and Speer had faith that that design had the power to deeply infuence peopless thoughts and actions. In their neurotic plans for Germania, they showed expressly that design was a tool of the state. itdbeaccustomedpromote ideology, even at the expense of livability.Adolf Hitlerwishedbuildings to be the word in stone, durable, a clear representations of the Nazi ideals. Same all the antithetic varieties of art throug hout the Socialism programme, Structure was a puppet of both the state and the commonwealth as well as John Ruskin the English writer said â€Å"Architecture is the work of nations†. This shows that architecture can be used in a spectacular multiple of ways to provide the nation, culture and society its own characteristic and charisma. A major distinction between the classical state design of Third Reich|Reich} and classical design in alternative trendy countries in Europe and America is that in Germany it absolutely was however one aspect of a severely authoritarian state. Its dictatorly aimed to determine study order; grid iron city plans, axial symmetry, hierarchic placement of state structure among urban house on a scale meant to strengthen the interpersonal and governmental rule wanted by the Nazi propose, that anticipated the displacement of religious belief and moral values by a brand new quite worship supported the cult of Nazi martyrs and leaders and with a worth system near that of pre-Christian Rome In Mein Kampf, Germanic Nazi states that industrialised Teutonic cities of his day lacked high open monuments and a halfway accent for territory spirit. In fact, criticism of the fast manufacture of German cities once 1870 had already been voiced. The ideal Nazi town wasnt to be over large, since it had been to replicate pre-industrial values and its state monuments, the product and symbols of collective effort, were to lean most prominence by being centrally set within the new and reshaped cities of the enlarged Composer. Nazis comments in Mein Kampf indicated that he saw buildings such like the coliseum and also the Circus Maximus As symbols of the political would possibly and power of the Roman individuals. Potentate explicit, Architecture isnt solely the word in stone, however is also the expression of the religion and conviction of a community, alternatively it signifies the ability, greatness and laurels of an fantabulous man or individual. In Potentates cultural direction, The  Buildings of the Reich, delivered in Sep 1937 , in Nuremberg, he thoroughbred that the new buildings of the Reich were to bolster the authority of the National Socialist German Workers Party and also the state and at identical time give gigantic proof of the community. The subject proof of this authority may already be seen in Nuremberg, metropolis and Berlin and would become still a lot of evident once a lot of plans had been place into result. Hitler himself was as a girlish man was initially impresssed with the extremely formed, ornate, neo-Baroque vogue open in various Habsburg-era people buildings. Flat then, he matte that the key qualification for a morality public business was that it verbalised the capability of its somebody. These buildings, with their immoderate volume of pilasters, porticos, columns, arches, and pediments, manifested the wealth and nation of the German and royalty states. Whereas these highly-decorated buildings square measure markedly totally different from those designed throughout Hitlers reign, they possess symmetry, a proper part of style that each designer and Der Fuhrer believed was essential to making order. The impressive Berlinerdom exudes any wealth, with palm in apiece character and carrefour. In block with Der Fuhrer, the cathedral, cerebration too tiny, was fittingly impressive. The nightlong arcades of the New Hofsburg and thus the deposit of Penalty Study, apiece in grapheme of Oes terreich, breathe at the lordly and colonnades entrances open in buildings subsequent in experience, peculiarly Designers New Reich authority’s structure. The New Hofsburg, Vienna Furthermore, Hitler, as a trained creator, was well-versed within the history of design. Within the Nazis seek associate orderly aesthetic, a lot ofattention was paid to the classical buildings of Balkan countryand Rome. It’s straightforward to examine the similarities between Albert Speers Zeppelintribune, shown higher than right, and therefore the Pergamon Altar of Zeus housed within the Berlin Pergamon museum: In fact, Albert Speer himself explicit that the apsis supported this Pergamon monument. There also are noticeable similarities between the coliseumin Rome and therefore the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Specially, the 2 buildings assets a layered grouping of pillars and arches. Notwithstanding, the sports bowl differs from the coliseum in its demand of curves or broadsheet arches. Olympiastadions outside is regressive, and depends on rectangles formed from healthy crosswise and straight lines to actualize its spic, organized lead. Further, the sports bowl exterior is scanty: theres no ornamentation of any good, only lines. These preferences for healthy lines and kosher exteriors are a regular boast of Socialism buildings, especially those organized by Designer, and businessman them as definite from the neoclassical structures that influenced them, Classic buildings were heavily with statues. Fascist buildings are placing for his or her nearly tot lack of honour. The coliseum in Rome Olympiastadion in Berlin To conclude, although after the mid century and the beginning of the 19th century urban architects and societies began to change their concepts and preferred to use architecture and design buildings in a way to make cities healthier and help in reducing crimes and deduct problems. Moreover architects had an aim to improve the attitude of the people and society and they wanted to use architecture to reduce poverty,crimes, and prevent revolutions .However, architecture can be used in both ways but I certainly agree that if architecture is used as a participatory tool to represent power and strength for certain society it would play a major role in changing history and effect vitally the culture of the world as Frank Lloyd the american architect said â€Å"The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization†. Also architecture in that way leaves legacies behind them that coming generations can look up to and that is why archi tects and leaders that time tried their best to serve strenghtfull testament through their designs and buildings.